Relação entre benefício e risco em interações medicamentosas nas prescrições médicas de um hospital universitário no estado de São Paulo / Benefit-risk relationship in drug interactions in prescriptions from a university hospital in the state of São Paulo / Relación beneficio-riesgo en interacciones medicamentosas en prescripciones de un hospital universitario del estado de São Paulo

Objetivo: Avaliar interações medicamentosas (IM), em que os riscos se so- brepõem aos benefícios (nível I) ou os benefícios se sobrepõem aos riscos (nível II); a partir da análise retrospectiva de prescrições médicas em um Hospital Universitário no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Foram analisadas 19762 prescrições médicas des- tinadas à farmácia do hospital, de janeiro a setembro de 2009; com o auxílio de programas sobre IM, para categorizar IM de nível I e II. Resultados: Na análise 26,53% apresentaram IM, em que 23,64% foram classificadas em nível I e 76,35% em nível II. Dentre as IM com maior frequência no nível I, estavam: ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) e clopidogrel, AAS e heparina, captopril e espironolactona, digoxina e hidroclorotiazida. Houve uma redução em percentual de IM de nível I, comparando janeiro representado por 26,5% e setembro representado por 18,4%. Já nas IM de nível II, tem-se as seguintes associações com maior frequência: AAS e propranolol, AAS e insulina regular humana, AAS e ate- nolol, AAS e enalapril, AAS e carvedilol. Conclusão: A atuação dos farmacêuticos cola- borou à redução de IM de nível I, devido à intervenção por meio de comunicação estabe- lecida com os prescritores; sinalizando a importância da equipe interprofissional em saúde.

Objective: To evaluate drug interactions (MI), in which risks outweigh the benefits (level I) or benefits outweigh the risks (level II); from the retrospective analysis of medical prescriptions in a University Hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: 19,762 prescriptions destined to the hospital pharmacy were analyzed, from January to September 2009; with the help of programs on MI, to categorize level I and II MI. Results: In the analysis 26.53% presented MI, in which 23.64% were classified in level I and 76.35% in level II. Among the most frequent level I MI were: acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel, ASA and heparin, captopril and spironolactone, digoxin and hydrochlorothiazide. There was a reduction in the percentage of level I MI, comparing January, which accounted for 26.5%, and September, which accounted for 18.4%. As for level II MI, the following associations were more frequent: ASA and propranolol, ASA and regular human insulin, ASA and atenolol, ASA and enalapril, ASA and carvedilol. Conclusion: The role of pharmacists collaborated to the reduction of level I MI, due to the intervention by means of communication established with the prescribers; signaling the importance of the interprofessional health team.

Objetivo: Evaluar las interacciones medicamentosas (IM), en las que los riesgos superan a los beneficios (nivel I) o los beneficios superan a los riesgos (nivel II); a partir del análisis retrospectivo de las prescripciones médicas en un Hospital Universitario del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Se analizaron 19.762 prescripciones destinadas a la farmacia del hospital, de enero a septiembre de 2009; con la ayuda de programas sobre IM, para categorizar los IM de nivel I y II. Resultados: En el análisis el 26,53% presentaron IM, en el que el 23,64% se clasificaron en nivel I y el 76,35% en nivel II. Entre los IM de nivel I más frecuentes estaban: ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) y clopidogrel, AAS y heparina, captopril y espironolactona, digoxina e hidroclorotiazida. Hubo una reducción del porcentaje de IM de nivel I, comparando enero, que supuso el 26,5%, y septiembre, que supuso el 18,4%. En cuanto a los IM de nivel II, fueron más frecuentes las siguientes asociaciones: AAS y propranolol, AAS e insulina humana regular, AAS y atenolol, AAS y enalapril, AAS y carvedilol. Conclusiones: El papel de los farmacéuticos colaboró a la reducción de las IM de nivel I, debido a la intervención mediante la comunicación establecida con los prescriptores; señalando la importancia del equipo sanitario interprofesional.

Análise das prescrições de pacientes com covid-19 em uso de hidroxicloroquina em uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Analysis of prescriptions of patients with COVID-19 using hydroxychloroquine in an Intensive Care Unit / Análisis de las prescripciones de pacientes con COVID-19 en uso hidroxicloroquina en una unidad de terapia intensiva

Mesmo em emergências sanitárias, quando terapias experimentais são empregadas, é importante prezar pela segurança e eficácia no uso de medicamentos, e a análise de prescrições médicas é uma das maneiras de monitorar aspectos de segurança. Objetivo: Quantificar e classificar as interações medicamentosas potenciais com hidroxicloroquina de acordo com o riscoem prescrições de pacientes com COVID-19 em pacientes com COVID-19 em uso de hidroxicloroquina admitidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de um Hospital de Ensino.Metodologia:Este estudo transversal baseou-se na análise de 162 prescrições de 38 pacientes admitidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de um Hospital de ensino entre abril e junho de 2020.O Micromedex® e o UpToDate® foram as bases de dados de apoio à conduta clínica utilizadas para estabelecer as interações medicamentosas potenciais. Resultados:A média de dias de internamento foi de 16,1 ± 14,0 e a média de dias em uso de hidroxicloroquina foi de 4,26 ± 1,74. 87,14% das prescrições apresentaram interações medicamentosas potenciais e a mais comum foi entre hidroxicloroquina e azitromicina. 76,4% das prescrições analisadas apresentaram interações medicamentosas potenciais com hidroxicloroquina. 73,5% das prescrições tiverampelo menos uma interação medicamentosa potencial entre medicamentos que prolongam o intervalo QT. Conclusões: Tendo em vista os riscos da exposição de pacientes críticos às interações medicamentosas, este estudo demonstra a necessidade de fortalecer nas instituições hospitalares a cultura de monitoramento de parâmetros de segurança e eficáciano uso de medicamentos, inclusive em terapias experimentais com a utilização de medicamentos off-labelpara minimizar riscos e ampliar possíveis benefícios (AU).

Even in health emergencies, when experimental therapies are employed, it is important to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, and the analysis of medical prescriptions is one of the ways to monitor safety aspects.Objective: Quantify and rank potential drug interactions with hydroxychloroquine according to risk in prescriptions of COVID-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine admitted to an intensive care unit of a TeachingHospital.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was based on the analysis of 162 prescriptions of 38 patients admitted to an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital between April and June 2020. Micromedex® and UpToDate® were the clinical practice support databases used to establish potential drug interactions. Results: The mean number of days of hospitalization was 16.1 ± 14.0 and the mean number of days of days on hydroxychloroquine was 4.26 ± 1.74. 87.14% of the prescriptions presented potential drug interactions and the most common was between hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. 76.4% of the analyzed prescriptions had potential drug interactions with hydroxychloroquine. 73.5% of prescriptions had at least one potential drug interaction between drugs that prolong the QT interval. Conclusions: In view of the risks of exposure of critically ill patients to drug interactions, this study interactions, this study demonstrates the need to strengthen in hospital institutions the culture of institutions the culture of monitoring safety and efficacy parameters in the use of medicines, including experimental therapies with the use of off-label drugs to minimize risks and increase possible benefits (AU).

Aunque en médio aemergencias sanitarias, cuando son empleadas terapias experimentales, es importante estimar la seguridad y eficacia en el uso de los medicamentos, y el análisis de prescripciones es una de las formas de acompanhar los aspectos de seguridad. Objetivo:Cuantificar y clasificar las interaciones farmacologicas potenciales con hidroxicloroquina de acuerdo com el riesgo em prescripciones de pacientes com Covid-19 em uso de hidroxicloroquina andmitidos em unidad de terapia intensiva de um Hospital Docente. Metodología: Este estudio transversal se asienta en el análisis de 162 prescripciones de 38 pacientes admitidos em uma unidad de terapia intensiva de um Hospital Docente entre abril y junio de 2020. El Micromedex®ï¸y el UpToDate®ï¸fueron las bases de datos de apoyo a la actuación clínica utilizadas para establecer las interacciones farmacológicas potenciales. Resultados:El promedio de días de internamiento fue de 16,1 ± 14,0 y el promedio de días en uso hidroxicloroquina fuede 4,26 ± 1,74. 87,14% de las prescripciones presentaron interacciones farmacológicas potenciales y la más común fue entre hidroxicloroquina y azitromicina. 76,4% de las prescripciones analizadas presentaron interaciones farmacológicas com hidroxicloroquina. 73,5% de las prescripciones tuvierion por lo menos uma interacción farmacológica potencial entre medicamentos que prolongam el intervalo QT. Conclusiones:Tenendo a la vista los riesgos de la exposición de pacientes críticos a las interaciones farmacológicas, este estudio demuestra la necesidad de reforzar em las instituiciones hospitalarias la cultura de monitoreo de parâmetros de seguridade y eficacio em el uso de medicamentos, incluso en terapias experimentales con utilización de medicamentos off-label, para minorar riesgos y ampliar los posibles beneficios (AU).

Control de la hipertensión arterial en el adulto mayor en Atención Primaria / Management of hypertension in the elderly in Primary Health Care

La hipertensión arterial sistémica es una enfermedad crónica de causa múltiple, que produce daño vascular sistémico e incrementa la morbilidad y mortalidad por diversas enfermedades cardiovasculares. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la prescripción para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial y asociaciones de fármacos sugerentes de posibles interacciones medicamentosas potenciales en el adulto mayor, en un Consultorio Médico vinculado a la Farmacia Principal Municipal de Santa Clara. Los medicamentos más prescriptos fueron: hidroclorotiazida en tabletas de 25 mg, enalapril de 20 mg y amlodipino de 10 mg. El tratamiento más empleado fue la combinación de dos agentes antihipertensivos, preferentemente los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina con diuréticos tiazídicos. La combinación de medicamentos inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina con espironolactona fue la interacción medicamentosa de mayor importancia clínica. Se concluyó que los pacientes de la tercera edad conforman el grupo etario más medicado de la sociedad.

Systemic arterial hypertension is a chronic disease of multiple etiologies, which produces systemic vascular damage and increases morbidity and mortality due to various cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this research was to characterize the prescription for the treatment of arterial hypertension and potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly from a doctor's office linked to the Main Municipal Pharmacy of Santa Clara. Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, enalapril 20 mg and amlodipine 10 mg were the most prescribed medications. The combination of two antihypertensive agents, preferably angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with thiazide diuretics, was the most widely used treatment. The combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor drugs with spironolactone was the most clinically important drug interaction. We concluded that elderly patients make up the most medicated age group in society.

Polifarmacia en pacientes mayores de 60 años en la Atención Primaria / Polypharmacy in patients over 60 years of age in primary health care

Los pacientes de la tercera edad conforman el grupo etario más medicado de la sociedad, principalmente por el incremento de la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas, y por presentar tres características principales que lo diferencian de otros grupos de edad: polienfermedad, polifarmacia y cambios fisiológicos relacionados con el envejecimiento. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la presencia de polifarmacia y las asociaciones de fármacos sugerentes de posibles interacciones medicamentosas potenciales, en el adulto mayor en un Consultorio Médico vinculado a la Farmacia Principal Municipal de Santa Clara.

Elderly patients make up the most medicated age group in society, mainly due to the increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and because they have three main characteristics that differentiate them from other age groups: polypathology, polypharmacy and physiological changes related to aging. The objective of this research was to characterize the presence of polypharmacy and the associations of drugs suggestive of possible potential drug interactions in the elderly from a doctor's office linked to the Main Municipal Pharmacy of Santa Clara.

Reações adversas medicamentosas em pacientes em quimioterapia e estratégias de intervenções / Adverse drug reactions in chemotherapy patients and intervention strategies / Reacciones adversas a medicamentos en pacientes quimioterápicos y estrategias de intervención

A quimioterapia do câncer pode ocasionar reações adversas medicamentosas (RAM), podendo resultar de interações medicamentosas (IM) e impactar na adesão. O presente estudo relatou as RAM apresentadas por pacientes em quimioterapia (QT) e propôs estratégias de intervenções. Este trabalho foi aprovado em comité de ética (5.160.503), sendo incluídos 23 pacientes em quimioterapia (oral- VO e/ou endovenosa- EV) e todos foram entrevistados. Recebiam apenas o QTEV, 20 pacientes e 2 QTEV e VO, a maioria em tratamento paliativo (50%), predomínio de estadiamento IV, sendo as doenças mais presentes de pâncreas (27,3%), estômago (22,7%) e mama (18,2%) e esquema mais usado foi Carboplatina + Paclitaxel. As principais comorbidades foram diabetes e hipertensão arterial. As interações medicamentosas foram classificadas em graves (45%), moderadas (55%) e intencional (75%), sendo necessário introdução de medicamentos de suporte (61%). Houve RAM de maior gravidade, neutropenia, sendo necessário a suspensão temporária, e de menor gravidade náuseas. Houve um óbito relacionado a evolução de doença e, talvez, o tratamento possa ter contribuído. Ao final, foram feitas as intervenções para cada caso e validado o formulário para a consulta farmacêutica a pacientes oncológicos.

Cancer chemotherapy can cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs), which can result from drug interactions (IM) and impact adherence. The present study reported the ADRs presented by patients undergoing chemotherapy (CT) and proposed intervention strategies. This work was approved by the ethics committee (5,160,503), and 23 patients on chemotherapy (oral-VO and/or intravenous-IV) were included and all were interviewed. Only received CTIV, 20 patients and 2 CTIV and VO, most in palliative treatment (50%), predominance of stage IV, being the most common diseases of pancreas (27.3%), stomach (22.7%) and breast (18.2%) and the most used regimen was Carboplatin + Paclitaxel. The main comorbidities were diabetes and arterial hypertension. Drug interactions were classified as severe (45%), moderate (55%) and intentional (75%), requiring the introduction of supportive drugs (61%). There were more severe ADRs, neutropenia, requiring temporary suspension, and less severe nausea. There was one death related to the evolution of the disease and, perhaps, the treatment may have contributed. At the end, interventions were made for each case and the form for the pharmaceutical consultation to cancer patients was validated.

La quimioterapia contra el cáncer puede causar reacciones adversas a los medicamentos (RAM), que pueden ser consecuencia de interacciones farmacológicas (IM) y repercutir en la adherencia. El presente estudio reportó las RAM presentadas por pacientes en quimioterapia (QT) y propuso estrategias de intervención. Este trabajo fue aprobado en comité de ética (5.160.503), se incluyeron 23 pacientes en quimioterapia (oral- VO y/o endovenosa-EV) y todos fueron entrevistados. Recibieron sólo QTEV, 20 pacientes y 2 QTEV y VO, la mayoría en tratamiento paliativo (50%), predominio de estadiaje IV, siendo las enfermedades más presentes las de páncreas (27,3%), estómago (22,7%) y mama (18,2%) y el esquema más utilizado fue Carboplatino + Paclitaxel. Las principales comorbilidades fueron la diabetes y la hipertensión arterial. Las interacciones farmacológicas se clasificaron como graves (45%), moderadas (55%) e intencionadas (75%), requiriendo la introducción de fármacos de apoyo (61%). La RAM más grave fue la neutropenia, que requirió la suspensión temporal, y la menos grave las náuseas. Hubo una muerte relacionada con la evolución de la enfermedad y, tal vez, el tratamiento pudo haber contribuido. Al final, se realizaron intervenciones para cada caso y se validó el formulario de consulta farmacéutica a pacientes oncológicos.

Competições terapêuticas e fragilidade em idosos - Estudo SABE (Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento) / Therapeutic competitions and frailty in elderly people - SABE Study (Health, Well-being and Aging)

Introdução: A população mundial demonstra uma transição epidemiológica e a aceleração do envelhecimento. Estes fenômenos induzem cada vez mais o uso inadequado de medicamentos por idosos, os quais podem expô-los a desfechos indesejáveis, assim como se associar a diversos problemas, dentre eles a fragilidade. A complexidade da farmacoterapia pode induzir a ocorrência de competição terapêutica. Esta ocorre quando um medicamento aplicado a uma determinada doença afeta negativamente outro problema de saúde também presente, podendo piorar ou induzir o surgimento de outros agravantes em idosos. Objetivo: Caracterizar a presença de competições terapêuticas e avaliar sua associação com a síndrome de fragilidade de idosos do município de São Paulo. Método: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, realizado pela base de dados do Estudo Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (SABE), estudo longitudinal de múltiplas coortes sobre as condições de vida e saúde dos idosos residentes no município de São Paulo. Foi utilizada a coorte entrevistada em 2015, com 1.224 idosos (pessoas com 60 anos ou mais). A análise descritiva foi apresentada pelas médias e desvios-padrão das variáveis quantitativas e frequências relativas das variáveis qualitativas. A presença de fragilidade foi estipulada com base nos componentes definidos por Fried (2001). A presença de competições terapêuticas foi determinada por meio de evidências já definidas em trabalhos anteriores. A análise de associação foi realizada por meio de regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: 11,2% dos idosos eram frágeis e 56,1% pré-frágeis. Idosos frágeis utilizavam mais medicamentos, sendo 46,7% em polifarmácia (uso de cinco ou mais medicamentos). As classes farmacológicas mais utilizadas foram estatinas (agentes modificadores lipídicos - 28,1%), inibidores da bomba de prótons (usados em distúrbios gástricos - 23,6%) e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (anti-hipertensivos - 23,1%). A prevalência de competições terapêuticas foi de 13,2% no total de idosos e maior no grupo de idosos frágeis (18,7%, valor-p: 0,0152). Competições terapêuticas envolvendo diabetes (5,1%), doença osteoarticular (3,5%) e hipertensão (3,2%) foram as mais identificadas. A competição terapêutica mais prevalente foi a que envolvia diabetes e doença cardiovascular (4,2% no total de idosos e 6,8% em idosos frágeis), principalmente com o uso de biguanidas e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina. A presença de competição terapêutica foi associada à fragilidade na análise univariada odds ratio 1,84 (IC95% 1,07-3,16) em idosos pré-frágeis e 2,43 (IC95%: 1,22-4,84) em frágeis. A chance de pré-fragilidade foi 2,41 vezes maior (IC95%: 1,04-5,61) em idosos que apresentavam duas competições terapêuticas no modelo múltiplo. Conclusão: verificou-se um número significativo de competições terapêuticas em idosos, com percentual mais elevado entre idosos frágeis. A presença de duas competições terapêuticas foi associada à presença de pré-fragilidade em idosos.

Introduction: The world population demonstrates an epidemiological transition and the acceleration of aging. Associated with the increase in the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases and the advancement of health technologies, these phenomena increasingly induce the inappropriate use of drugs by the elderly, which can expose them to undesirable outcomes, as well as being associated with several problems, including frailty. The complexity of pharmacotherapy can induce the occurrence of therapeutic competition. This occurs when a drug applied to a certain disease negatively affects another health problem also present, which can worsen or induce the emergence of other aggravating factors in the elderly. Objective: To characterize the presence of therapeutic competitions and evaluate their association with the frailty syndrome of the elderly in the city of São Paulo. Method: Cross-sectional, population-based study, carried out using Health, Well-being and Aging Study (SABE) database, a longitudinal study of multiple cohorts on the living and health conditions of elderly people living in the city of São Paulo. The cohort interviewed in 2015 was used, with 1,224 elderly (people aged 60 and over). Descriptive analysis was presented by means and standard deviations of quantitative variables and relative frequencies of qualitative variables. The presence of frailty was stipulated based on the components defined by Fried (2001). The presence of therapeutic competitions was determined by means of evidence already defined in previous works. Association analysis was performed using multinomial logistic regression. Results: 11.2% of the elderly were frail and 56.1% were pre-frail. Frail elderly used more medications, with 46.7% in polypharmacy (use of five or more drugs). The most used pharmacological classes were statins (lipid modifying agents - 28.1%), proton pump inhibitors (used in gastric disorders - 23.6%) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (antihypertensives - 23.1%). The prevalence of therapeutic competitions was 13.2% in the total number of elderly and higher in the frail elderly group (18.7%, p-value: 0.0152). Therapeutic competitions involving diabetes (5.1%), osteoarticular disease (3.5%) and hypertension (3.2%) were the most identified. The most prevalent therapeutic competition was that involving diabetes and cardiovascular disease (4.2% of the total elderly and 6.8% of frail elderly), mainly with the use of biguanides and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The presence of therapeutic competition was associated with frailty in the univariate analysis - odds ratio 1.84 (CI95% 1.07-3.16) in pre-frail elderly and 2.43 (CI95%: 1.22-4.84) in frail individuals. The odd of pre-frailty was 2.41 higher (CI95%: 1.04-5.61) in elderly people who had two therapeutic competitions in the multiple model. Conclusion: there was a significant number of therapeutic competitions in the elderly, with a higher percentage among frail elderly people. The presence of two therapeutic competitions was associated with the presence of pre-frailty in the elderly.

A influência da pandemia de Covid-19 em crianças e adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista / The influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder / Influencia de la pandemia de Covid-19 en niños y adolescentes con trastorno del espectro autista

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência do isolamento social causado pela pandemia da COVID-19 em pacientes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), atendidos em um serviço especializado. Foi realizado um estudo transversal do tipo observacional e descritivo por meio da aplicação de um formulário de 51 perguntas. Participaram do estudo 45 responsáveis por crianças e adolescentes com TEA, acompanhados na Policlínica Naval de São Pedro da Aldeia (PNSPA), no período de julho a novembro de 2021. Foram abordados aspectos demográficos, sociais, clínicos e comportamentais dos pacientes e familiares. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (86,7%) com média de idade de 10,4 anos, sendo 57,8% TEA nível 1. Observou-se alterações comportamentais em 88,9% dos pacientes, sendo essas alterações consideradas como negativas por 57% dos responsáveis. Foi necessário o ajuste nas medicações em 51,1% dos pacientes que já usavam medicações no período, a maioria deles por causa de modificações no comportamento. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quando avaliamos as modificações comportamentais por sexo (p-valor 0,471), nível do TEA (p-valor 0,128), idade (p-valor 0,460), número de irmãos (p-valor 0,903), modificações medicamentosas (p-valor 0,280) e isolamento social (p-valor 0,553). Observou-se que a manutenção das terapias e a participação nas atividades escolares foi fator protetor quando analisamos as modificações de comportamento (RP para ambos = 0,86). Em conclusão, o estudo mostrou o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 em pacientes com TEA, pelo elevado percentual de mudanças comportamentais, especialmente aquelas consideradas negativas, independentemente de os pacientes terem permanecido ou não em isolamento social.

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of social distancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), treated at a specialized unit. It was performed a cross-sectional observational and descriptive study with 45 guardians of children and adolescents with ASD, treated at an outpatient clinic, from July to November 2021. Guardians were asked to fill out a 51-question form that addressed demographic, social, clinical, and behavioral aspects of patients and family members. The results showed that the most patients are male (86.7%) with a mean age of 10.4 years; 57.8% had level 1 ASD. There were behavioral changes in 88.9% of patients; such changes were considered negative by 57% of the guardians. Medication adjustment was necessary for 51.1% of the patients who were already using medications in the period, most of them because of changes in behavior. There was no statistically significant difference when behavioral changes were evaluated by gender (p-value 0.471), ASD level (p-value 0.128), age (p-value 0.460), number of siblings (p-value 0.903), changes in medication (p-value 0.280) and social distancing (p-value 0.553). The continuation of therapies and participation in school activities was a protective factor when we analyzed changes in behavior (PR for both = 0.86). In conclusion, the research indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on ASD patients, which could be noticed by the high percentage of occurrence of behavioral changes, especially those considered negative, regardless of whether the patients practiced social distancing or not.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia del distanciamiento social causado por la pandemia de COVID-19 en pacientes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA), atendidos en una unidad especializada. Se realizó un estudio transversal observacional y descriptivo con 45 tutores de niños y adolescentes con TEA, atendidos en una consulta externa, de julio a noviembre de 2021. Se pidió a los tutores que rellenaran un formulario de 51 preguntas que abordaba aspectos demográficos, sociales, clínicos y conductuales de los pacientes y sus familiares. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los pacientes son varones (86,7%) con una edad media de 10,4 años; el 57,8% presentaba un TEA de nivel 1. Hubo cambios conductuales en el 88,9% de los pacientes; dichos cambios fueron considerados negativos por el 57% de los tutores. Fue necesario ajustar la medicación en el 51,1% de los pacientes que ya la utilizaban en ese periodo, la mayoría de ellos debido a cambios en el comportamiento. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuando se evaluaron los cambios de comportamiento en función del sexo (p-valor 0,471), el nivel de TEA (p-valor 0,128), la edad (p-valor 0,460), el número de hermanos (p-valor 0,903), los cambios de medicación (p-valor 0,280) y el distanciamiento social (p-valor 0,553). La continuación de las terapias y la participación en actividades escolares fue un factor protector cuando analizamos los cambios en el comportamiento (PR para ambos = 0,86). En conclusión, la investigación indica que la pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo un impacto en los pacientes con TEA, que pudo ser notado por el alto porcentaje de ocurrencia de cambios de comportamiento, especialmente los considerados negativos, independientemente de que los pacientes practicaran o no el distanciamiento social.

Chinese expert consensus on drug interaction management of poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors / 中华肿瘤杂志

Poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), which approved in recent years, are recommended for ovarian cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and other cancers by The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) guidelines. Because most of PARPi are metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzyme system, there are extensive interactions with other drugs commonly used in cancer patients. By setting up a consensus working group including pharmaceutical experts, clinical experts and methodology experts, this paper forms a consensus according to the following steps: determine clinical problems, data retrieval and evaluation, Delphi method to form recommendations, finally formation expert opinion on PARPi interaction management. This paper will provide practical reference for clinical medical staff.

Xerostomia and dysgeusia in the elderly: prevalence of and association with polypharmacy

Xerostomia is defined as the perception of dry mouth, and dysgeusia, as a change in taste. Both are common complaints in the elderly, especially among those making use of polypharmacy drug combinations. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of xerostomia and dysgeusia and to investigate their association with polypharmacy in the elderly. Methods: older people under follow-up at the Multidisciplinary Elderly Center of the University Hospital of Brasília were interviewed and asked about health problems, medications used, presence of xerostomia and dysgeusia. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the prevalence of the symptoms surveyed. The chi-square test was used to investigate the relationship between xerostomia and dysgeusia and polypharmacy. Secondary associations were performed using binomial logistic regression. Results: Ninety-six older people were evaluated and of these, 62.5% had xerostomia and 21.1%, had dysgeusia. The average number of medications used was 4±3 medications per individual. Polypharmacy was associated with xerostomia but not dysgeusia. It was possible to associate xerostomia with the use of antihypertensive drugs. Conclusion: Xerostomia was a frequent complaint among elderly people making use of polypharmacy, especially those using antihypertensives. Antihypertensives and antidepressants were used most drugs by the elderly and exhibited interactions with drugs most prescribed in Dentistry. Two contraindications were found between fluconazole and mirtazapine; and between erythromycin and simvastatin

Avaliação da interação farmacológica de antifúngicos e quimioterápicos: uma revisão sistemática / Evaluation of pharmacological interaction of antifungals and chemotherapy: a systematic review

Objetivo: avaliar, por meio da literatura existente, a interação farmacológica de antifúngicos e quimioterápicos. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo de revisão sistemática de acordo com o diagrama de fluxo do processo de pesquisa PRISMA. Os descritores escolhidos foram: drug interactions, CYP inhibitors, antifungal e antineoplastic, mediante análise realizada no MESH. As bases de dados escolhidas foram: Pubmed, Lilacs e Scielo. O período considerado para busca de artigos publicados foi de 2015 a 2020. Resultados: no banco de dados PubMed, foram encontrados 54 artigos, enquanto, nas bases Lilacs e Scielo, não foram encontrados artigos de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos. Dos 54 artigos, 7 foram selecionados para esta revisão. O intervalo com maior número de publicações foi de 2015-2016. Os antifúngicos mais citados nos resultados foram os inibidores fortes da CYP (Cetoconazol, Itraconazol e Voriconazol). Conclusão: a revisão sistemática da literatura mostrou que não existe uma correlação exata entre a interação farmacológica dos antifúngicos com os antineoplásicos, quando administrados de forma simultânea. São necessários mais estudos atuais que possam monitorar e estabelecer, de forma precisa, a relação dessas interações.

Objective: to evaluate, through the existing literature, the pharmacological interaction of antifungals and chemotherapeutics. Methods: a systematic review study was conducted according to the PRISMA research process flow diagram. The descriptors were chosen by analysis performed in MESH. The descriptors chosen were: drug interactions, CYP inhibitors, antifungal and antineoplastic. The databases chosen were: Pubmed, Lilacs, and Scielo. The period considered for the search of published articles was from 2015 to 2020. Results: in the PubMed database, 54 articles were found, while in the Lilacs and Scielo databases, no articles were found according to the established criteria. Of the 54 articles, 8 were selected for this review. The interval that had the highest number of publications was 2015-2016. The most cited antifungal drugs in the results were the strong CYP inhibitors. Conclusion: the systematic review of the literature showed that there is no exact correlation between the pharmacological interaction of antifungals with antineoplastic drugs when administered simultaneously. More current studies are needed that can accurately monitor and establish the relationship between these interactions.

Interações medicamentosas no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / Interacciones farmacológicas durante el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca / Drug interactions in postoperative care after heart surgery

Objetivo: verificar as interações medicamentosas potencialmente teóricas (IMPT) com suas respectivas repercussões clínicas e correlacioná-las ao perfil clínico-medicamentoso a partir de prescrições em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo, transversal, retrospectivo, com amostra de 133 prescrições de pacientes internados em um hospital estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre março e agosto de 2018. Para a avaliação das interações, utilizou-se do software Micromedex Solutions®, seguido da estatística descritiva e inferencial dos dados pelo software Epi Info 7®. Resultados: foram prescritas 2.062 doses, identificadas 96 IMPT, das quais 66 foram classificadas como graves e 30, moderadas. A IMPT de maior prevalência foi Bromoprida/Tramal® por via intravenosa (n=26), seguida de AAS/Clopidogrel (n=21) por via oral. Evidenciou-se associação entre as variáveis interação medicamentosa-polifarmácia (χ² = 98.853,p = 0,0000001) e interação medicamentosa-comorbidade (χ²= 4.246, p = 0,23609658). Conclusões: houve alta prevalência de IMPT no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. A verificação precoce das prescrições possibilita a rastreabilidade e adoção de medidas mitigatórias de erros no uso de medicamento, o que contribui para a segurança do paciente e para a qualidade da assistência.

Objetivo: verificar las interacciones farmacológicas potencialmente teóricas (IFPT), con sus respectivas repercusiones clínicas, y correlacionarlas con el perfil clínico-farmacológico a partir de las prescripciones en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo con una muestra de 133 prescripciones de pacientes hospitalizados en un centro de salud estatal de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, entre marzo y agosto de 2018. Para evaluar las interacciones se utilizó el Software Micromedex Solutions®, junto con la aplicación de estadística descriptiva e inferencial para los datos recopilados, empleando el Software Epi Info 7®. Resultados: se prescribieron 2.062 dosis y se identificaron 96 IFPT, de las cuales 66 fueron clasificadas como graves y 30 como moderadas. La IFPT más prevalente fue Bromoprida/Tramal® por vía intravenosa (n = 26), seguida de AAS/Clopidogrel (n = 21) por vía oral. Se identificó una asociación entre las variables interacciones farmacológicas-polifarmacia (χ² = 98,853, p = 0,0000001) e interacciones farmacológicas-comorbilidades (χ² = 4.246, p = 0,23609658). Conclusiones: se registró una alta prevalencia de IFPT en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca. La verificación temprana de prescripciones permite detectar y adoptar medidas de mitigación de errores de medicación, contribuyendo a la seguridad del paciente y la calidad de la atención.

Objective: To verify potentially theoretical drug interactions (PTDI), including their clinical repercussions, and correlate them to the clinical-pharmacological profile of medical prescriptions in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Methodology: Prescriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective study with a sample of 133 drug prescriptions of hospitalized patients in a Rio de Janeiro state hospital in Brazil, between March and August 2018. To assess the interactions, the Micromedex Solutions® Software was used, followed by the descriptive and inferential statistics of the data by the Epi Info 7® Software. Results: A total of 2,062 doses were prescribed, identifying 96 PTDI, of which 66 were classified as severe and 30 as moderate. The most prevalent PTDI was Bromopride/Tramal® intravenously (n = 26), followed by ASA/Clopidogrel (n = 21) orally. There was an association between the variables drug interaction-polypharmacy (χ² = 98,853, p = 0.0000001) and drug interaction-comorbidities (χ² = 4,246, p = 0.23609658). Conclusions: A high prevalence of PTDI during the postoperative period of cardiac surgery was reported. The early verification of prescriptions makes it possible to detect and adopt mitigation measures in response to medication errors, thus contributing to patient safety and higher quality in the care provided.

Mecanismo de los AINES y antiinflamatorios derivados para el control del dolor y la inflamación. Uso de antiinflamatorios en odontología / Mechanism of NSAIDs and derived drugs for pain and inflammation control. Use of anti-inflammatories in odontology

Las urgencias odontológicas son, quizá, las razones principales de atención en el consultorio, muchas veces el significado de dolor se encuentra acompañado por inflamación; el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES) es común en el ejercicio de la odontología por la excelente respuesta analgésica y antiinflamatoria que tiene, por lo que es importante conocer la fisiopatología de la inflamación y el dolor y cómo actúan los AINES, ya que algunos de estos fármacos tienen respuestas adversas y sitios de acción importantes. Los factores de riesgo por inflamación y dolor nos obligan a conocer la variedad de fármacos que no entran en la clasificación de AINES y que tenemos a disposición, hay más opciones para la elección ante la presencia de inflamación por un factor en particular, cada uno de éstos tienen indicaciones y contraindicaciones que conoceremos, lo cual nos ampliará el conocimiento para dar una prescripción ante la presencia de eventos inflamatorios. Se realizó un estudio detallado de artículos bibliográficos de cada tema, los fármacos más usados en odontología son los AINES, hay poco uso y conocimiento de antiinflamatorios que podemos usar en urgencias, el porcentaje de uso de los AINES derivados del ácido propiónico es alto por la excelente respuesta en pacientes y otras veces por el desconocimiento de más opciones (AU)

Dental emergencies are perhaps the main reasons for care in the office, many times the meaning of pain is accompanied by inflammation, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is common in the practice of dentistry due to the excellent analgesic and anti-inflammatory response it has, important is knowing the pathophysiology of inflammation and pain, how NSAIDs act, some of these drugs have adverse responses and important sites of action, risk factors for inflammation and pain require us to know the variety of drugs that do not enter the classification of NSAIDs and we have at our disposal, there are more options for choosing in the presence of inflammation due to a particular factor, each of these have indications and contraindications that we will know, it expands our knowledge to give a prescription in the presence of inflammatory events. A detailed study of bibliographic articles on each topic was carried out, the drugs most used in dentistry are NSAIDs, there is little use and knowledge of anti-inflammatories that we can use in the emergency room, the percentage of use of NSAIDs derived from propionic acid is high, due to the excellent response in patients and others due to lack of knowledge of more options (AU)

Como uma ferramenta de prescrição eletrônica possibilita uma melhor qualidade na prescrição para os pacientes / How an electronic prescription tool enables better prescription quality for patients

Introdução: Os erros relacionados à medicação de pacientes estão entre as maiores causas de danos e prejuízos evitáveis à saúde em todo o mundo. Nos Estados Unidos, esses erros causam pelo menos uma morte por dia e causam danos a aproximadamente 1,3 milhão de pessoas anualmente. Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, estima-se que o gasto global com erros relacionados à medicação seja de US$ 42 bilhões por ano. No Brasil, a taxa de interações medicamentosas potenciais varia entre 28% e 63,6% em pacientes de serviços de atenção primária. A prevalência de interações medicamentosas tem aumentado, seguindo o envelhecimento populacional, aumento de condições crônicas, uso combinado de diferentes medicamentos e aumento na quantidade de medicamentos prescritos. Métodos: Os dados utilizados para o presente estudo foram obtidos por meio da base de dados da Nexodata do Brasil S.A., que é uma empresa privada de tecnologia em saúde que possui um sistema de prescrição eletrônica e uma área de inteligência de dados. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 65.867 prescrições eletrônicas durante o ano de 2019; dessas, 4.828 prescrições apresentaram em média 2,5 interações. Essas prescrições com interação foram geradas por 197 médicos diferentes, totalizando um total de 24,5 receitas com interação por médico ao longo de 12 meses. Foi identificado um total de 12.005 interações, sendo 15,6% classificadas como leves, 70,9% como moderadas e 13,5% como graves. Conclusão: Por meio da implementação de uma ferramenta de prescrição eletrônica, foi observada uma redução de 32,9% na quantidade de receitas com interação medicamentosa.

Introduction: Medication-related errors in patients are among the leading causes of preventable health damage and harm worldwide. In the United States, these errors cause at least one death a day and damage approximately 1.3 million people annually. According to the World Health Organization, the global expenditure on medication-related errors is estimated to be U$ 42 billion per year. In Brazil, the rate of potential drug interactions varies between 28% and 63.6% in primary care patients. The prevalence of drug interactions has increased following an aging population, an increase in chronic conditions, combined use of different drugs and an increase in the amount of prescription drugs per patient. Methods: The data used for the present study were obtained through the database of Nexodata do Brasil S.A., which is a private health technology company that has an electronic prescription system and a data intelligence area. Results: 65,867 electronic prescriptions were evaluated during the year 2019, of these, 4,828 prescriptions had an average of 2.5 interactions. These interactive prescriptions were generated by 197 different doctors, totaling a total of 24.5 prescriptions with interaction per doctor over 12 months. A total of 12,005 interactions were identified, 15.6% of which were classified as mild, 70.9% as moderate and 13.5% as severe. Conclusion: Through the implementation of an electronic prescription tool, a reduction of 32.9% in the amount of prescriptions with drug interaction was observed.

Quality control and drug-drug interactions between commercially available Metoprolol and Glimepiride tablets

Abstract Quality is paramount and needs to be maintained throughout the shelf life of pharmaceuticals. The current study aimed to evaluate the quality, potency, and drug-drug interaction in an in vivo animal model by using two drugs, namely, metoprolol and glimepiride. Tablets were selected for their physical characteristics, such as shape, size, and color. Quality control tests, such as weight variation, hardness, friability, and disintegration tests, and invitro drug release studies were performed as per USP. Drug-drug interaction and in vivo studies were carried out according to the standard protocol of the animal ethics committee. Quality control tests of both the tablets were within the specified range. The cumulative release percentages of the drugs were 81.12% and 85.36% for Metoprolol Tartrate and Glimepiride, respectively, in a physiological buffer solution within 1 h. The combination of metoprolol and Glimepiride also significantly decreased the blood glucose level in diabetic animals. However, the blood glucose level increased in the group receiving metoprolol only, but the difference was not significant. The result suggested that the formulations are safe. However, the chronic use of this combination requires frequent monitoring of blood glucose level to improve its efficacy and for the patient's safety.

Identification and characterisation of potential drug interaction in a Hospital in Jundiai, Sao Paulo State

Abstract To identify and characterize the most frequent Drug Interaction (DI) in a Jundiaí Hospital. Exploratory, descriptive, and analytical cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. The source of the study is 100 prescriptions made by the medical service of a hospital in Jundiaí, dispensed from August to October 2018, by the pharmacy of the mentioned hospital for palliative care, mental health, and emergency care. Data plotting in Excel. Of the 100 prescriptions analyzed 60 had at least one type of interaction, 164 DI were found, 14.6% severe, 67.7% moderate, 17.1% minor and 0.6% unspecified. The mechanism of interaction that most appeared in the study was pharmacodynamics, 54.3%, pharmacokinetics were present in 34.1% of DI and 11.6% were not specified. The group most affected by DI was male 33% of prescriptions, female 27%, and 40% showed no interactions. The age group with the most interactions was from 50 to 59 years old. Of the prescriptions that had MI, those with 4 or more interactions were the ones that prevailed. The class of drugs that presented the most interactions was psychotropic drugs. A relevant frequency of interactions was identified by the present study, being the class of psychotropic drugs the most evident and interactions of medium severity the most found, which may be responsible for lowering the clinical condition of patients and the need of possible additional interventions. The data presented may contribute as epidemiological indicators, guiding corrective actions, aiming at the welfare of patients

Riesgo de sangrado en pacientes anticoagulados con antagonistas de la vitamina K que reciben antibióticos / Risk of bleeding in anticoagulated patients with vitamin K antagonists who receive antibiotics

Lograr un adecuado nivel de anticoagulación con antagonistas orales de la vitamina K suele ser un desafío frecuente en la práctica clínica, dado que su estrecho rango terapéutico suele verse afectado por diversas interacciones farmacológicas,alimentos y condiciones clínicas. A partir de un caso de un paciente anticoagulado que presenta una hemorragia gastro-intestinal posterior a realizar un tratamiento antibiótico, la autora de este artículo revisó la evidencia sobre el riesgo desangrado secundario a la interacción entre este tipo de anticoagulantes y antibióticos orales. Su conclusión tras realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica y seleccionar la mejor evidencia disponible, es que existe un aumento del riesgo relativo desangrado en pacientes anticoagulados que reciben antibióticos, por lo que deberían evitarse aquellos antibióticos con conocido potencial de interacción. Si ello no fuera posible, se recomienda monitorizar el estado de anticoagulación con dosaje de la razón internacional normatizada (RIN) posterior a la introducción del antibiótico. (AU)

Achieving an adequate level of anticoagulation with oral vitamin K antagonists is often a frequent challenge in clinical practice, given that their narrow therapeutic range is often affected by various drug interactions, food, and clinical conditions. Based on a case of an anticoagulated patient who presented gastrointestinal bleeding after antibiotic treatment, the authorof this article reviewed the evidence on the risk of secondary bleeding due to the interaction between this type of anticoagulants and oral antibiotics. Their conclusion, after performing a literature search and selecting the best available evidence, is that there is an increased relative risk of bleeding in anticoagulated patients receiving antibiotics, so antibiotics with known potential for interaction should be avoided. If it weren't possible, it is recommended to monitor the anticoagulation status with International Normalized Ratio (INR) dosing after the introduction of the antibiotic. (AU)

A review: drug-drug interactions of epithelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors / 中华肿瘤杂志

Mutations in the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a driving factor that causes non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The epithelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is a crucial discovery in the treatment of lung cancer, particularly the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs is superior to that of the standard chemotherapy for patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC. Patients with NSCLC use EGFR-TKIs and other medications simultaneously is commonly seen, especially among those with comorbidities, which increases the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of EGFR-TKIs. The most common mechanisms underlying the DDIs of EGFR-TKIs are modulations of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and drug transporters [including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)], as well as gastrointestinal acid-inhibitory drugs [proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H(2) receptor antagonists (H(2)RA)]. Inhibitors or inducers of CYP enzymes and drug transporters can inhibit or accelerate the metabolism of EGFR-TKIs, which increase or reduce the exposure of EGFR-TKIs, thereby affect the efficacy and safety of EGFR-TKIs. In addition, PPIs or H(2)RA can decrease the solubility, bioavailability and efficacy of EGFR-TKIs. This review summarizes the mechanisms of DDIs of gefitinib, erlotinib, icotinib, afatinib, dacomitinib and osimertinib; the management recommendations for DDIs of those EGFR-TKIs from the Chinese and global guideline, as well as from the recent pre-clinical and clinical studies, which provide the reference and evidence for managing the combination therapies of EGFR-TKIs and other medications in clinics.

Potential drug-drug interactions among patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage treated at the Neurological Intensive Care Unit: a single-center experience

Abstract Our aim was to determine the prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) and to identify relevant factors associated with the occurrence of the most dangerous or contraindicated pDDIs (pCDDIs) in hospitalized patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed enrolling all consecutive patients with sICH treated at the Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Clinical Center in Kragujevac, Serbia, during the three-year period (2012-2014). The inclusion criteria encompassed patients aged 18 years and over, those diagnosed with ICH, and those prescribed at least two drugs during hospitalization, while we did not include patients whose hospitalization lasted less than 7 days, those who were diagnosed with other neurological diseases and patients with incomplete medical files. For each day of hospitalization, the online checker Micromedex® software was used to identify pDDIs and classify them according to severity. A total of 110 participants were analysed. A high prevalence of pDDIs (98.2%) was observed. The median number of pDDIs regardless of severity, was 8.00 (IQR 4.75-13.00;1-30). The pairs of drugs involving cardiovascular medicines were the most commonly identified pDDIs. Twenty percent of the total number of participants was exposed to pCDDIs. The use of multiple drugs from different pharmacological-chemical subgroups and the prescribing of anticoagulant therapy significantly increase the chance of pCDDI (aOR with 95% CI 1.19 (1.05-1.35) and 7.40 (1.13-48.96), respectively). This study indicates a high prevalence of pDDIs and pCDDIs in patients with sICH. The use of anticoagulant therapy appears to be the only modifiable clinically relevant predictor of pCDDIs.

Dosis de enoxaparina asociada a disminución de riesgo de muerte en COVID-19 / Enoxaparin dose associated with decreased risk of death in COVID-19

Introducción: en diciembre de 2019 se reportó por primera vez un brote de COVID-19. Esta enfermedad ha ocasionado millones de muertes a nivel mundial. A la fecha se han probado multiples fármacos, sin encontrar un tratamiento eficaz aún. Objetivo: describir la evolución y el tratamiento farmacológico utilizado en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19. Material y métodos: estudio observacional en 200 pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 en un hospital regional de Acapulco que ingresaron entre marzo y julio de 2020. Se identificaron las características, el tratamiento farmacológico y la evolución de los pacientes. Se realizó analisis univarido, bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: el 60% de los pacientes fueron del sexo masculino, 83% presentaron al menos una comorbilidad, 56% fallecieron. El fármaco más utilizado fue la enoxaparina, del cual recibir dosis de 60 mg se asoció a menor riesgo de fallecer comparado con recibir 40 mg. Haber recibido hidroxicloroquina, metilprednisolona, moxifloxacino y tener 60 años o más se asoció a un mayor riesgo de morir. Conclusiones: se presentó una elevada mortalidad. El fármaco más utilizado fue la enoxaparina, del cual utilizar dosis de 60 mg disminuyó el riesgo de fallecer

Background: In December 2019, an outbreak of COVID-19 was reported for the first time. This disease has caused millions of deaths worldwide. To date multiple drugs have been tried, without finding an effective treatment yet. Objective: To describe the evolution and the pharmacological treatment used in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. Material and methods: Observational study in 200 patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 in a regional hospital of Acapulco who were admitted between March and July 2020. The characteristics, pharmacological treatment and evolution of the patients were identified. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: 60% of the patients were male, 83% had at least one comorbidity, 56% died. The most used drug was enoxaparin, of which receiving a 60 mg dose was associated with a lower risk of death, compared to receiving 40 mg. Having received hydroxychloroquine, methylprednisolone, moxifloxacin and being 60 years or older was associated with a higher risk of progressing to death. Conclusions: There was a high mortality. The most used drug was enoxaparin, of which using doses of 60 mg reduced the risk of death